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#!!/&nbsp; !/</a></div> <div style="font-family:Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;font-size:14px;"><p class='pcAuthor'><span class='pcName'>"atiana Levina</span><span class='pcAffil'>, National Research University Higher School of Economics, School of Philosophy</span><span class='pcPosition'>, Associate Professor</span><span class='pcDegree'>, CSc in Philosophy</span></p> <p class='pcTitleD'>The fight against idealism in Soviet mathematics: the case of Sofia Yanovskaya</p><p class='tcSumma'>In the Russian tradition, Yanovskaya has been investigated from two different angles: as mathematician-ideologist and, later in life, as a defender of pure mathematics. I will examine her role in promoting the ideas of analytic philosophers as well as logicians and philosophers of mathematics. I will divide them from her own ideas about the abstract and concrete, abstractionism and practice. By now analytic philosophers outside of Russia have not read or studied Yanovskaya, but her defense of abstract objects is important for the understanding of how analytical philosophy has developed. This research will also contribute to the recent trend in analytic philosophy of valuing the role of female philosophers.</p><br /> <p class='tcKeywords'>Sofia Yanovskaya, philosophy of mathematics, analytical philosophy, idealism, dialectics, abstraction</p><br /> <p class='hcAbstract'>In the Russian tradition, Yanovskaya has been investigated from two different angles: as mathematician-ideologist and, later in life, as a defender of pure mathematics. Many mathematician colleagues portrayed her as a historian or exegetical mathematician (Kushner, 1996), while I argue that she was an original philosopher of mathematics. I will examine her role in promoting the ideas of analytic philosophers as well as logicians and philosophers of mathematics. I will divide them from her own ideas about the abstract and concrete, abstractionism and practice. By now analytic philosophers outside of Russia have not read or studied Yanovskaya, but her defense of abstract objects is important for the understanding of how analytical philosophy has developed. This research will also contribute to the recent trend in analytic philosophy of valuing the role of female philosophers.&nbsp;</p> <p class='hcAbstract'>&nbsp;</p> <p class='hcAbstract'>Sofia Yanovskaya (1896-1966) is an example of dashing courage in philosophical logic and mathematics, where the representation of women is traditionally very small. Despite her role in the development of analytical philosophy and mathematical logic in the USSR being well acknowledged, Yanovskaya has not been honored in Russia as an outstanding figure. Sofia Yanovskaya, who was a Professor of Lomonosov Moscow State University made a significant contribution to the philosophy of mathematics in the USSR at the time of Marxist-Leninist ideology. The later period of her life was dedicated to the defense of mathematical logic and philosophy of mathematics from the bashing of dialectical materialism<sup><a name='ret37_1' href='#ftn37_1' class='ftnLink'>1</a></sup>. In that time she used different strategies, including a dialectical one, to defend abstract objects and other conceptions of mathematical Platonism.&nbsp;</p> <p class='hcAbstract'>&nbsp;</p> <p class='hcAbstract'>In his article  Reception of analytical philosophy in Russia Dmitry Ivanov names Sofia Yanovskaya as the key figure in the development of analytical philosophy in the USSR when dialectical materialism raged. Educated as a  Red Professor <sup><a name='ret37_2' href='#ftn37_2' class='ftnLink'>2</a></sup> she began with criticizing bourgeois types of thought, namely all forms of idealism, inculcating the ideology of the dialectic of Marxism-Leninism in the field if mathematics. But suddenly Yanovskaya reversed her strategy. In several articles of her late period she discusses the theories of Bertrand Russell, Rudolf Carnap, Kurt Gödel, and other analytical philosophers. In the conceptual form of her time, when she had to criticize bourgeois philosophy from the perspective of dialectical materialism, Yanovskaya speculated about universals, abstract objects, and the problem of existence in Quine and pure mathematics. Under her editorship the first book on the mathematical logic of Hilbert and Ackermann was published, as well as the volume  Can Machines Think with an article by Alan Turing,  Meaning and Necessity by Rudolf Carnap, and many others. Last year Prof. Vadim Vasilyev published his philosophical inquiry on where Ludwig Wittgenstein was during his travel to the USSR in 1935.Vasilyev understood that he surely was a guest of Sofia Yanovskaya in her home, in Moscow. Therefore Vasilyev identifies the kitchen in her communal flat as the place where analytic philosophy arose in the USSR. Professor Vasilyev hypothesizes that her talk with the analytical philosopher on pure logical problems overshadowed all her previous work in dialectical materialism and research on Hegel and Marx. Ludwig Wittgenstein even presented her with the two-volume works of Gottlob Frege, initiating the research by her students. The main idea of the late period of Yanovskaya s professional development was the justification of the usage of abstract objects in philosophy, while dialectical materialists criticized abstractions<sup><a name='ret37_3' href='#ftn37_3' class='ftnLink'>3</a></sup>. &nbsp;</p> <p class='hcAbstract'>&nbsp;</p> <p class='hcAbstract'>The main sources I will apply in my research are the papers of Sofia Yanovskaya, which were published originally in Soviet Marxist journals , and later, mathematical journals, as well as reprinted in the volume of her papers (1972) and recent volumes under the editorship of her former student Boris Biryukov. Although the literature on Sofia Yanovskaya is mostly in Russian, there are nevertheless several papers by Irving H. Anellis (1987, 1996) that discuss in detail the heritage of Yanovskaya and more broadly, the development of mathematical logic in the Soviet Union. Being interested in Yanovskaya s philosophical development from dialectical materialism to mathematical logic and analytic philosophy, I have been impressed by the idea of Valentin Bazhanov (2001) to understand her challenge to idealism from the Communist Party-oriented philosophy. Bazhanov describes the main points of her papers, the memoirs of her disciples, etc., but her original ideas remain obscure. My main point is that her ideas on idealism, or Platonism, give us the perfect tool to understand how analytical philosophy developed in the Soviet Union. I will also use other sources on Yanovskaya, in which her meeting with Ludwig Wittgenstein is investigated. The most recent is the paper of Vadim Vasilyev (2017), as well as those of Moran (1972) and Shestakov (2003) although they are mainly sources on Wittgenstein. Vasilyev hypothesized that her talk with Wittgenstein changed Yanovskaya s intellectual life, but there are no analyses of Yanovskaya s texts; he only mentions an overall impression of her late papers.&nbsp;</p> <p class='hcAbstract'>&nbsp;</p> <p class='hcAbstract'>This work can only be done with some help from other disciplines. I would like to refer to Christopher Hollings s paper (2013) to reconstruct the practice of blaming idealism from the viewpoint of dialectical materialism. Bazhanov s book on the History of Logic in the USSR (2007) is also a good source for the context of the development of logic and analytical strategies in Russia. Last but not least, I would also like to take into account some books and papers about women in philosophy, such as several volumes on the history and theory of women in philosophy (Waithe, 1994) as well as papers on female founders of analytic philosophy (Janssen-Lauret, 2017).&nbsp;</p> <p class='hcAbstract'> <p class='pcEndnotesSection'>&nbsp;</p> <p class='pcFootnote'><sup><a name='ftn37_1' href='#ret37_1' class='ftnLink'>1</a></sup>&nbsp; Dialectical materialism is a philosophy of science and nature, based on the writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. The formulation of the Soviet version of dialectical and historical materialism in the 1930s by Joseph Stalin and his associates became the "official" Soviet interpretation of Marxism.</p> <p class='pcFootnote'><sup><a name='ftn37_2' href='#ret37_2' class='ftnLink'>2</a></sup>&nbsp; The Institute of Red Professors of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) in Moscow 1921-1938</p> <p class='pcFootnote'><sup><a name='ftn37_3' href='#ret37_3' class='ftnLink'>3</a></sup>&nbsp; In the article  The fight of materialism and idealism in mathematics and others.</p></p> </div> </td> <td style="background:url(tabs/tii_69.png) repeat-y"></td> </tr> <tr> <td><img src="tabs/tii_72.png" alt="" /></td> <td style="background:url(tabs/tii_74.png) repeat-x"></td> <td><img src="tabs/tii_79.png" alt="" /></td> </tr> </table> <p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style='text-align:right'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Tahoma&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;'>© ;0B>=>2A:>5 >1I5AB2>, 2018 3. </span></p> <p align="right" style='margin-top:0mm;margin-right:3pt;margin-bottom: 0mm;margin-left:-36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:right'><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Tahoma&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;'><a href="../index3.htm">  !!# $ &</a></span></b></p> <!-- InstanceEndEditable --> </td> </tr> </tbody> </body> <!-- InstanceEnd --></html>